Li-ion на морозе, Что делать когда нельзя, но надо. Опции

[ArtemKAD]

Ни кто не подскажет причину запрета заряда литиевых АКБ при отрицательных температурах? Интересует физика(химия) этих ограничений.

[Itch]

Li ion can be fast charged from 5°C to 45°C (41 to 113°F). Below 5°C, the charge current should be reduced, and no charging is permitted at freezing temperatures because of the reduced diffusion rates on the anode. During charge, the internal cell resistance causes a slight temperature rise that compensates for some of the cold. The internal resistance of all batteries rises when cold, prolonging charge times noticeably.

Many battery users are unaware that consumer-grade lithium-ion batteries cannot be charged below 0°C (32°F). Although the pack appears to be charging normally, plating of metallic lithium can occur on the anode during a sub-freezing charge. This is permanent and cannot be removed with cycling. Batteries with lithium plating are more vulnerable to failure if exposed to vibration or other stressful conditions. Advanced chargers (Cadex) prevent charging Li-ion below freezing.

Advancements are being made to charge Li-ion below freezing temperatures. Charging is indeed possible with most lithium-ion cells but only at very low currents. According to research papers, the allowable charge rate at –30°C (–22°F) is 0.02C. At this low current, the charge time would stretch to over 50 hours, a time that is deemed impractical. There are, however, specialty Li-ions that can charge down to –10°C (14°F) at a reduced rate.

http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article...ow_temperatures

https://batteryworkshop.msfc.nasa.gov/prese..._AZimmerman.pdf

Т.е. заряжать лучше малым током, чтобы скорость образования лития была меньше скорости его растворения в электролите.
Со временем он может уйти, или остаться на сепараторе. Тогда вероятно КЗ элемента и общая деградация.